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winget的基础配置与使用

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本文字数： 21k 阅读时长 ≈ 19 分钟

1.什么是winget

微软公司在 2020 年 5 月 Microsoft Build 开发者大会上发布了用于 Windows 系统的官方支持的软件包管理器 —— Windows 软件包管理器（Windows Package Manager），也就是 WinGet 软件包管理器。经过 3 年的发展，越来越多的软件厂商在这个平台上发布自家软件。WinGet 除了支持 exe、msi 等传统的 Win32 安装包格式外，还支持用于新版 Windows 的 msix/msixbundle 格式所打包的软件。

Windows软件包管理工具

2.获取winget

首先确认系统是否满足需求：WinGet 只可以运行在 Windows10 高于 1709 (Build 16299) 的版本和 Windows11 上。

在安装 WinGet 之前，建议使用微软新推出的终端模拟器 Windows Terminal 代替传统的conhost.exe。

2.1 Windows10/11 非 LTS 版本（家庭版、教育版、专业版、专业工作站版、企业版）

Windows Terminal 和 WinGet 都可以通过系统预装的 Microsoft Store 商店搜索安装，也可以转到下面的网页调用 Microsoft Store 安装，也可以去微软托管在 GitHub 的发布页下载安装包到本地安装（较新版本的 Windows11 已经预装，如已预装请略过此章节）

Windows Terminal

Windows Terminal

Winget

Winget

2.2 设置 Windows Terminal 为系统默认终端模拟器

较新版本的 Windows11 已经默认 Windows Terminal 为系统终端模拟器，如已配置好请略过此章节。

从命令行窗口标题栏右键菜单进入默认设置,在【终端】选项卡下更改“默认终端应用程序”为“Windows 终端”，确认退出.

3. 使用 WinGet 管理软件

常用命令

  • 查看版本、信息

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    winget -v(winget --version)   #显示winget版本
    winget info                   #显示常规信息

  • 替换源：

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    winget source remove winget
    winget source add winget https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/winget-source

  • 搜索软件包
    winget search [包名]
    以7zip为例
    winget_search

  • 查看软件包
    winget show --id 7zip.7zip
    winget_show

  • 安装软件包
    winget install --id 7zip.7zip

  • 自定义安装
    winget install --id 7zip.7zip -i

-指定位置安装
winget install -l,--location [指定路径(如支持)]

  • 更新软件包
    winget upgrade --id 7zip.7zip

  • 卸载软件包
    winget uninstall --id 7zip.7zip

  • 显示已安装的软件包
    winget list

其他命令

  • winget search --id [包名] #按id筛选结果

  • winget search --name [包名] #按名称筛选

  • winget search --tag [包名] #按标签筛选

  • winget search -s,--source [包名] #指定源查找

  • winget search -e,--exact [包名] #精确匹配查找

  • winget search --version [包名] #显示软件包可用版本

  • winget install --id/--name/--tag/-e,--exact/--version [包名] #与search类似

  • winget install --ignore-security-hash [包名] #忽略安装程序哈希检查失败

进阶—使用PowerShell 脚本从网络批量下载来自 WinGet 的软件包

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# Requires -Version 7.0

#更改字符集为UTF-8
#[System.Console]::OutputEncoding=[System.Text.Encoding]::GetEncoding(65001)

# 更新源
# winget source reset winget
# winget source add winget https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/winget-source/

Clear-Host

# 写入安装脚本
$Script:PackageCount = 0
$Script:PackageLocalPath = "PackageInstallers"
$Script:PackageList = "PackageInstallers.log"
$Script:PackageScriptIWR = "Get-PackageInstallersIWR.ps1"
$Script:PackageScriptSBT = "Get-PackageInstallersSBT.ps1"
$Script:PackageScriptWCD = "Get-PackageInstallersWCD.ps1"
$Script:PackageLogIWR = [System.String]::Concat($Script:PackageLocalPath, "\PackageInstallersIWR.log")
$Script:PackageLogSBT = [System.String]::Concat($Script:PackageLocalPath, "\PackageInstallersSBT.log")
$Script:PackageLogWCD = [System.String]::Concat($Script:PackageLocalPath, "\PackageInstallersWCD.log")

New-Item -Name $Script:PackageLocalPath -ItemType Directory -Force | Out-Null
Remove-Item $Script:PackageLocalPath\* -Recurse -Force | Out-Null

Write-Output $null | Out-File $Script:PackageList
Write-Output $null | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptIWR
Write-Output $null | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptSBT
Write-Output $null | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptWCD

[System.String]::Concat("# Updated @ ", (Get-Date -Format "yyyy.MM.dd-HH:mm:ss")) | Tee-Object $Script:PackageScriptIWR -Append | Tee-Object $Script:PackageScriptSBT -Append | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptWCD -Append
Write-Output "# Requires -Version 7.0" | Tee-Object $Script:PackageScriptIWR -Append | Tee-Object $Script:PackageScriptSBT -Append | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptWCD -Append
Write-Output "`$Script:PackageLocalCount = 0" | Tee-Object $Script:PackageScriptIWR -Append | Tee-Object $Script:PackageScriptSBT -Append | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptWCD -Append
Write-Output "Clear-Host" | Tee-Object $Script:PackageScriptIWR -Append | Tee-Object $Script:PackageScriptSBT -Append | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptWCD -Append
Write-Output "New-Item -Name `"$Script:PackageLocalPath`" -ItemType Directory -Force | Out-Null" | Tee-Object $Script:PackageScriptIWR -Append | Tee-Object $Script:PackageScriptSBT -Append | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptWCD -Append
Write-Output "Remove-Item `"$Script:PackageLocalPath\*`" -Recurse -Force | Out-Null" | Tee-Object $Script:PackageScriptIWR -Append | Tee-Object $Script:PackageScriptSBT -Append | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptWCD -Append
Write-Output "Write-Output `$null | Out-File `"$Script:PackageLogIWR`"" | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptIWR -Append
Write-Output "Write-Output `$null | Out-File `"$Script:PackageLogSBT`"" | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptSBT -Append
Write-Output "Write-Output `$null | Out-File `"$Script:PackageLogWCD`"" | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptWCD -Append

# 安装脚本函数
function Get-WinGetPackageURL {
    param($ID, $Name, $Type, $Class)

    $Private:PackageWinGetID = $ID
    $Private:PackageFilename = $Name
    $Private:PackageFiletype = $Type
    $Private:PackageClassification = $Class
    $Private:PackageLocalClassifiedPath = [System.String]::Concat($Script:PackageLocalPath, "\", $Private:PackageClassification)

    $Private:FindURL = "安装程序 URL："
    $Private:FindVER = "版本:"

    # 获取软件包版本和下载地址
    try {
        # System Installer
        $Private:PackageURL = [System.String]::Concat((winget show --scope machine -id $Private:PackageWinGetID | Select-String $Private:FindURL)).Replace($Private:FindURL, "").Replace(" ", "")
        $Private:PackageVersion = [System.String]::Concat((winget show --scope machine -id $Private:PackageWinGetID | Select-String $Private:FindVER)).Replace($Private:FindVER, "").Replace(" ", "")
    }
    catch [ArgumentNullException] {
        # User Installer
        $Private:PackageURL = [System.String]::Concat((winget show --id $Private:PackageWinGetID | Select-String $Private:FindURL)).Replace($Private:FindURL, "").Replace(" ", "")
        $Private:PackageVersion = [System.String]::Concat((winget show --id $Private:PackageWinGetID | Select-String $Private:FindVER)).Replace($Private:FindVER, "").Replace(" ", "")
    }

    $Script:PackageCount++
    $Private:PackageLocalFile = [System.String]::Concat($Private:PackageLocalClassifiedPath, "\", $Private:PackageFilename, "_", $Private:PackageVersion, ".", $Private:PackageFiletype)
    $Private:PackageUpdateTime = Get-Date -Format "yyyy.MM.dd-HH:mm:ss"

    $Private:PackageCommandPath = "New-Item -Name `"$Private:PackageLocalClassifiedPath`" -ItemType Directory -Force | Out-Null"
    $Private:PackageCommandItem = "New-Item -Name `"$Private:PackageLocalFile`" -ItemType File -Force | Out-Null"
    $Private:PackageCommandDNS = "ipconfig.exe /flushdns | Out-Null"
    $Private:PackageCommandIWR = "Invoke-WebRequest -Uri `"$Private:PackageURL`" -OutFile `"$Private:PackageLocalFile`""
    $Private:PackageCommandSBT = "Start-BitsTransfer -Source `"$Private:PackageURL`" -Destination `"$Private:PackageLocalFile`""
    $Private:PackageCommandWCD = "`$PackageWebClient = New-Object System.Net.WebClient; `$PackageWebClient.DownloadFile(`"$Private:PackageURL`", `"$Private:PackageLocalFile`")"
    $Private:PackageCommandLog = "Start-Sleep -Seconds 3; [System.Console]::Out.Flush(); [System.String]::Concat(`"┏━ `", (Get-Date -Format `"yyyy.MM.dd-HH:mm:ss`"), `" @ $Private:PackageWinGetID`", `" [$Private:PackageVersion]``n`", `"┣━ ```"$Private:PackageURL```"``n`", `"┗━ ```"$Private:PackageLocalFile```"``n`") | Write-Output"

    Write-Output "┏━ $Private:PackageUpdateTime @ $Private:PackageWinGetID [$Private:PackageVersion]`n┣━ `"$Private:PackageURL`"`n┗━ `"$Private:PackageLocalFile`"`n" | Tee-Object $Script:PackageList -Append
    Write-Output "$Private:PackageCommandPath; $Private:PackageCommandItem; $Private:PackageCommandDNS; $Private:PackageCommandIWR; if (`$?) { `$Script:PackageLocalCount++; $Private:PackageCommandLog | Tee-Object `"$Script:PackageLogIWR`" -Append; }" | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptIWR -Append
    Write-Output "$Private:PackageCommandPath; $Private:PackageCommandItem; $Private:PackageCommandDNS; $Private:PackageCommandSBT; if (`$?) { `$Script:PackageLocalCount++; $Private:PackageCommandLog | Tee-Object `"$Script:PackageLogSBT`" -Append; }" | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptSBT -Append
    Write-Output "$Private:PackageCommandPath; $Private:PackageCommandItem; $Private:PackageCommandDNS; $Private:PackageCommandWCD; if (`$?) { `$Script:PackageLocalCount++; $Private:PackageCommandLog | Tee-Object `"$Script:PackageLogWCD`" -Append; }" | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptWCD -Append

    New-Item -Name $Private:PackageLocalClassifiedPath -ItemType Directory -Force | Out-Null
    New-Item -Name $Private:PackageLocalFile -ItemType File -Force | Out-Null
}

ipconfig /flushdns | Out-Null

# Components
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VCRedist.2005.x86" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_C++_Redistributable_2005_32bit" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VCRedist.2005.x64" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_C++_Redistributable_2005_64bit" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VCRedist.2008.x86" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_C++_Redistributable_2008_32bit" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VCRedist.2008.x64" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_C++_Redistributable_2008_64bit" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VCRedist.2010.x86" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_C++_Redistributable_2010_32bit" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VCRedist.2010.x64" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_C++_Redistributable_2010_64bit" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VCRedist.2012.x86" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_C++_Redistributable_2012_32bit" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VCRedist.2012.x64" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_C++_Redistributable_2012_64bit" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VCRedist.2013.x86" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_C++_Redistributable_2013_32bit" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VCRedist.2013.x64" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_C++_Redistributable_2013_64bit" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VCRedist.2015+.x86" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_C++_Redistributable_2015_32bit" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VCRedist.2015+.x64" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_C++_Redistributable_2015_64bit" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.PowerToys" -Name "Microsoft_PowerToys" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "EclipseAdoptium.Temurin.8.JDK" -Name "EclipseAdoptium_Temurin_JDK_8_Releases" -Type "msi" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "EclipseAdoptium.Temurin.11.JDK" -Name "EclipseAdoptium_Temurin_JDK_11_Releases" -Type "msi" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "EclipseAdoptium.Temurin.17.JDK" -Name "EclipseAdoptium_Temurin_JDK_17_Releases" -Type "msi" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Python.Python.2" -Name "Python_2_Dev" -Type "msi" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Python.Python.3.8" -Name "Python_3.8_Dev" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Python.Python.3.11" -Name "Python_3.11_Dev" -Type "exe" -Class "Components"

# Applications
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "7zip.7zip" -Name "7_Zip" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Anaconda.Anaconda3" -Name "Anaconda3" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Apple.iTunes" -Name "iTunes" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Audacity.Audacity" -Name "Audacity" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Bandisoft.Bandizip" -Name "Bandizip" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Bandisoft.Honeyview" -Name "Honeyview" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Bitvise.SSH.Server" -Name "Bitvise_SSH_Server" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "BlenderFoundation.Blender" -Name "Blender" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Codeblocks.Codeblocks" -Name "Codeblocks" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "darktable.darktable" -Name "darktable" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "den4b.Hasher" -Name "Hasher" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "den4b.ReNamer" -Name "ReNamer" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "DEVCOM.JetBrainsMonoNerdFont" -Name "Nerd_Fonts" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Geany.Geany" -Name "Geany" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "GeekUninstaller.GeekUninstaller" -Name "Geek_Uninstaller" -Type "zip" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "GIMP.GIMP" -Name "GIMP" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Git.Git" -Name "Git" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "GitHub.Atom" -Name "Atom" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "GitHub.GitHubDesktop" -Name "GitHubDesktop" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "GNU.Octave" -Name "Octave" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "gnuplot.gnuplot" -Name "gnuplot" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Google.Chrome" -Name "Google_Chrome" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "HandBrake.HandBrake" -Name "HandBrake" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Harmonoid.Harmonoid" -Name "Harmonoid" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Henry++.MemReduct" -Name "MemReduct" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "JanDeDobbeleer.OhMyPosh" -Name "Oh_My_Posh" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "KDE.Kate" -Name "Kate" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "KDE.Krita" -Name "Krita" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "KDE.Okular" -Name "Okular" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Kitware.CMake" -Name "CMake" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "LLVM.LLVM" -Name "LLVM" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Meltytech.Shotcut" -Name "Shotcut" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "MHNexus.HxD" -Name "HxD" -Type "zip" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VisualStudio.2022.Community" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_Studio_2022_Community" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Microsoft.VisualStudioCode" -Name "Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Code" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Mozilla.Firefox" -Name "Firefox" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Mozilla.Thunderbird" -Name "Thunderbird" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Musescore.Musescore" -Name "Musescore" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "OBSProject.OBSStudio" -Name "OBSStudio" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Pinta.Pinta" -Name "Pinta" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Piriform.Recuva" -Name "Recuva" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "RealVNC.VNCViewer" -Name "VNCViewer" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Rufus.Rufus" -Name "Rufus" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "ShiningLight.OpenSSL" -Name "OpenSSL" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "SSHFS-Win.SSHFS-Win" -Name "SSHFS" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Tencent.QQ" -Name "Tencent_QQ" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Tencent.TencentMeeting" -Name "Tencent_Meeting" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "Tencent.WeChat" -Name "Tencent_WeChat" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "TheDocumentFoundation.LibreOffice" -Name "LibreOffice" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "TortoiseGit.TortoiseGit" -Name "TortoiseGit" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "TortoiseHg.TortoiseHg" -Name "TortoiseHg" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "TortoiseSVN.TortoiseSVN" -Name "TortoiseSVN" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "uGetdm.uGet" -Name "uGet" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "VideoLAN.VLC" -Name "VideoLAN_VLC" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "vim.vim" -Name "GVIM" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "voidtools.Everything" -Name "Everything" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "WinFsp.WinFsp" -Name "WinFsp" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "WiresharkFoundation.Wireshark" -Name "Wireshark" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "XnSoft.XnConvert" -Name "XnConvert" -Type "exe" -Class "Applications"
Get-WinGetPackageURL -ID "ZeroTier.ZeroTierOne" -Name "ZeroTier_One" -Type "msi" -Class "Applications"

# 软件包计数：用于对照日志查缺补漏
Write-Output "Total: $Script:PackageCount`n" | Tee-Object $Script:PackageList -Append
Write-Output "Write-Output `"Total: `$Script:PackageLocalCount``n`"" | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptIWR -Append
Write-Output "Write-Output `"Total: `$Script:PackageLocalCount``n`"" | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptSBT -Append
Write-Output "Write-Output `"Total: `$Script:PackageLocalCount``n`"" | Out-File $Script:PackageScriptWCD -Append

# 查看日志文件
explorer "${env:LOCALAPPDATA}\Packages\Microsoft.DesktopAppInstaller_8wekyb3d8bbwe\LocalState\DiagOutputDir"
Remove-Item "${env:LOCALAPPDATA}\Packages\Microsoft.DesktopAppInstaller_8wekyb3d8bbwe\LocalState\DiagOutputDir\*" -Recurse -Force -Confirm

这段代码的作用是将指定好的软件包的信息从 WinGet 上爬取下来，并自动生成用于下载这些软件包的脚本。将此段代码复制另存为 Get-PackagesInfo.ps1 ，在 PowerShell 中跳转到脚本所在目录运行脚本，若遇到了权限问题，请用管理员权限打开 PowerShell 环境，并正确指定本地计算机的 PowerShell 执行策略
完成上述步骤，就可以在 PowerShell 环境下执行这个脚本了：
.\Get-PackagesInfo.ps1
执行后，脚本会自动从 WinGet 配置的源下载安装包的信息，稍等片刻

运行完毕后，在当前目录会自动生成 3 个新的 PS 脚本，用于将 Get-PackagesInfo.ps1 这个脚本中指定的软件包按分类从 WinGet 源下载到 PackageInstallers 目录下的分类目录中
winget_ps
这三个脚本的功能完全一致，只是用于下载采用的实现不同：

“Get-PackageInstallersIWR.ps1” 使用 cmdlet Invoke-WebRequest 下载

“Get-PackageInstallersSBT.ps1” 使用 cmdlet Start-BitsTransfer 下载

“Get-PackageInstallersWCD.ps1” 创建 System.Net.WebClient 对象下载
任选其一即可

END